The UK housing affordability crisis is a
serious concern. A recent poll by Ipsos Mori found that 15% now mention housing as among
the most important issues facing Britain, up from 5% in 2010.
The crisis is particularly acute in London and
the South East, where housing is most unaffordable. In 2014, a year after the
introduction of the government’s Help-to-Buy in scheme,
the price of the average dwelling in London increased by almost 26% to £400,404. That’s £82,190 or to really get a sense of what this means £9.38 every hour of the day and the night.
While many London homeowners and
private landlords may be delighted to make more money from their houses
than they do from their jobs, housing has become ever more unaffordable for
young would-be-buyers, which is probably why, according to the same survey, 26%
of Londoners think housing is an important issue, much higher than the national
average.
Still, government figures show that the rate of home ownership peaked at above
69% nationally in 2002 but has fallen steadily to almost 63% in 2013, largely
because fewer young people are buying homes. Other statistics show that in 1991, 67% of 25-34 year olds
were homeowners but, by 2011, this had declined to 43%.
In a recent report, I showed that there is strong evidence that
the planning system, as well as strong demand in some areas, is the main cause
of this affordability crisis. Our planning system restricts urban areas with
the use of green belts, with ‘development control’
by local authorities and
strict controls on height. There is also a lack of tax incentives at local
level and a preponderance of ‘not in my backyard’ behaviour, facilitated by the planning regime. This
is largely why house building has been in decline or, some might say, in free
fall since the late 1960s. We build about
a third of the homes
each year today than we did in the late 1960s.
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In short, the planning system does not allow
the supply of homes to rise no matter how high prices rise, which essentially
suggests that demand-focused policies proposed by the various parties are
attacking symptoms but not causes of the problem.
For instance, the Help-to-Buy scheme already
mentioned effectively stimulates demand and, since supply is so severely
constrained, simply pushes up prices without stimulating construction, exactly
as predicted when the policy was first announced. So rather than help, it has effectively priced
out young would-be-buyers from the market so that Hinder-to-Buy would have been
a more appropriate name for the policy. And it’s not alone in doing more harm than good.
There is today pretty much universal agreement
among politicians that we have a serious housing crisis where the main losers
are the young generation and there is also some consensus that the problem is
one of supply. Regrettably, recognition isn't leading to action.
Fixing the planning system does not mean not
having one. We absolutely need a system of land use planning to correct market
failures. The planning system has an important role to play for example to
ensure land-based public goods such as urban public parks or areas of
outstanding natural beauty are adequately maintained or landmark buildings are
protected.
In the absence of serious planning reform,
political parties have resorted to announcing house building targets, as they
seek to show voters that they will do something about the problem. But, again,
these are of little use as prices already give developers, architects and
builders the right signals of where and how much to build. It’s the planning system that ignores price signals and tries to prevent
residential development nearly anywhere. Were these price signals not ignored,
we would build many more homes in more attractive areas. We’d have more high-rise buildings in town centres and
more single-family homes further out.
More homes make housing more affordable. That’s a much better way to solve the crisis than with any
government-set target.
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So if the solution is so simple and obvious,
why aren’t things changing? The reason is a powerful
array of deeply embedded vested interests that make meaningful change
difficult.
Homeowner-NIMBYs can protect the value of their
homes by opposing almost any project that spoils their view or generates noise.
Homeowners near green belts are even worse and best described as BANANAs:
Build-Absolutely-Nothing-Anywhere-Near-Anything. They have particularly nice
views to protect and particularly expensive houses that rely, to a certain
extent, on keeping the green belt land off-limits from development.
What is more, a majority of voters still own
their own homes, making the impetus for change even more sluggish.
So, is the only solution to wait for a “socially explosive
and economically traumatic” situation that eventually triggers reform or even
revolution? Possibly not, because there is an ever-growing group of young and not
so young would-be buyers who have a strong interest in genuine reform and who may become more
politically powerful over time.
Among the other groups that may begin to push
for change are the aspiring and expanding families that have just about managed to get on the
housing ladder. This group is crucial because young home-owning families are
clear losers of the broken planning system, even though they often don’t realise it.
They should be in favour of genuine reform for
two reasons: because they live in artificially cramped housing and because they
are increasingly priced out from moving to a larger home that would be more
adequate for the growing family. Trading up becomes expensive and the problem
is only made worse by the stamp duty.
Elderly homeowners should also have an
interest in change. Many may well be sitting on large capital gains accumulated
since the 1960s and 1970s when homes were still affordable. But realising those
gains will be difficult if they want to remain in the same communities where
they may have built strong ties over the years.
The only real winners of the broken system are
elderly homeowners who are prepared to sell their houses, pocket the proceeds
and move to a country with cheaper housing. For those who stay put, it’s mostly the children that inherit property who will
eventually benefit, leaving children of people who rent at a relative disadvantage.
The broken planning system cements wealth inequality and the proposed inheritance tax reform makes things even worse.
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Why does no party – not one – propose genuine reform? Politicians of all stripes back away from
meaningful change out of fear of being demonised by the vested interests.
Still there is hope. Many commentators – and secretly many politicians – now understand the real cause of the crisis, which
suggests public opinion may soon turn away from the vested interests. The polls
certainly suggest a softening and even this Financial Times poll shows that almost 72% of its readers would
back building on the green belt. Once public opinion warms up to the idea, a
well-thought through reform could even become a vote-winner. Now there’s an idea for the next election.
This article was originally written for Disclaimer Magazine. View it here.